In order to extend the sphere theorem for Finsler metrics, the concept of reversibil-ity introduced by H-B. Rademacher for a compact Finsler manifold. In this paper, weextend this notion to the general Finsler manifolds. Then we find an upper bound forthe REVERSIBILITY of some important spherically symmetric Finsler metrics. Furthermore,we introduce the concept of sub-REVERSIBILITY for a general Finsler manifold and obtain anon-zero lower bound for this new quantity.

In this paper we suggest a procedure for testing REVERSIBILITY of time series. Our approach is based on a necessary and sufficient condition for time REVERSIBILITY of linear models. An attractive feature of the procedure is that in converse with other approaches it doesn’t require important assumptions, especially existence of moments of order higher than two. Our simulation confirms the procedure and some empirical examples are given.

Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis is the consequence of many types of chronic liver disease, and at its final stage when liver nodule and scarring develops is generally considered to be irreversible. Here, we describe three chronic hepatitis B patients with clinical, biochemical, and histologic evidences of cirrhosis. They underwent treatment with interferon-alfa or lamivudine and had follow-up liver biopsy while in clinical, biochemical, and virologic remission. Biopsy specimens were randomly coded in unpaired manner according to patient and were read c, independently by two pathologists using the modified hepatitis activity index (with a maximum stage of 6). The mean interval between biopsies was 5.5 years. The mean alanine aminotransferase level decreased from 113.7 U/L to 28.3 U/L. The mean bilirubin level decreased from 2.4 mg/dL to 0.9 mg/dL, and the mean prothrombin time decreased from 16.3 seconds to 12.3 seconds. The mean Child-Pough score decreased from 8 to 5. The mean fibrosis score decreased from 5.8 to 0.5 (P=0.004), and the mean grading score from 10.8 to 3.2 (P=0.017). In conclusion, cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis B may be reversible in some patients who respond to antiviral therapy.

Background: Smoking is known as the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In COPD, most of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) specially those indicating the diameter of airways are reduced. There are reports that bronchodilator drugs have no or a very little effect on PFT of COPD patients. Therefore, in this study PFTs of smokers were compared with those of nonsmokers, and the effect of bronchodilator inhaler (salbutamol) on PFTs of smokers were also examined.Materials & Methods: Pulmonary function tests were measured in 97 male smokers (height 171.71±6.68 cm, age 36.49±13.06 years old) and compared with 95 male nonsmokers (height 171.79±8.81 cm, age 35.56±12.83 years old). The subjects underwent measurement of spirometric flow and volume. The following variables were measured: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), maximal expiratory flow at 75%, 50%, and 25% of the FVC (MEF75, MEF50, and MEF25 respectively). In addition, pulmonary function tests of 33 male smokers (height 172.79±11.94cm, age 38.30±6.65 years old) before and 10 minutes after administration of 200 A?g salbutamol inhaler were measured.Results: The results showed that most values of PFTs in smokers were significantly lower than those of non-smokers (p<0.001 for FVC, FEV1, PEF, MEF75, p<0.01 for MMEF, and p<0.02 for MEF50). However, there were not significant differences in MEF25 of smokers and non-smokers. There were significant correlations between the smoking duration and FEV1, PEF, MEF75, and MEF50 (p<0.05 to p<0.01), but correlations between smoking quantity and values of PFTs were not significant. The results also showed that all values of PFTs were significantly increased after salbutamol administration (p<0.05 to p<0.01). The enhancement in PEF, MEF75, and MEF50 was around 12% and that of MEF25 was 17%.Conclusion: The profound effect of smoking on PFT showed that smoking leads to constriction of large and medium sized airways which is mostly due to duration not to quantity of smoking. The airway constriction in smokers was reversible which, was mostly seen for medium sized airways.

A palladium membrane was prepared using the electroless plating technique (ELP) for the separation and puriFication of hydrogen from a gas mixture. Depending on operating conditions, hydrogen Flux from the membrane was in the range of 0. 012-0. 023 mol. m-2. s-1. The membrane performance in the presence of CO2 was investigated. The results of the GC analysis showed that at a feed concentration of 10% CO2 and a difference pressure of 1-2 bar, no traces of CO2 was observed in the permeate side. However, hydrogen permeation through the membrane decreased due to the occupation of the catalytic active sites by CO2. At the concentration of 20% CO2 and a difference pressure of 1-2 bar, a peak of methane was detected in the permeate side by the GC analysis, this is related to the diffusion of carbon from the feed side to the permeation side. Study on the topography of the membrane surface showed short height hills and wide valleys on its surface. This topology of the surface conduced high chemical resistance of the membrane, so that the effect of CO2 poisoning was reversible without defect creation on the membrane. Recovery of the poisoned membrane was done by exposing it to hydrogen atmosphere at 500 ° C for an hour. The obtained results show that the recovery of hydrogen permeation was up to 99%.

The researchers believe that financing is important enough that known as "the most important reason of earnings manipulation". Also, getting reach to some measures would result manipulating and financial restatements. So, the purpose of this paper is Companies management approach of finance relate to the earning managements’ modifying time. In other word, this paper investigate that if managers modify earning management related to financing and adopt Society negative effects or shift the reformation to the next managers’ periods and restatement financial reports next year. The paper consists of financing data of companies in Tehran Stock Exchange in 1389 to 1394 and firstly calculating earning management by using adjusted jones and then analyzing earning management modifying using Kruskal-Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney Test and T-test. The results reject the hypothesis that finance related earning management modify early. In other word, it can be interpretated that managers shift manipulating effects to next managers.

In the present study, I explain how the great logician Qazwini, Dabiran al-Katibi (600-675 AD)questioned a well-accepted “complete inclusion” rule with a counterexample in modal logic (concearning with, possibility and contingency).This rule demonstrates a vise versa relation between contradictories of two universal concepts when a “complete inclusion” relation exists between them. Two letters by Katibi and the responses by Khawaja Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, all are provided with a brief and concise expression. This issue will explain, and reconstruct the problem.

As a generalization of the triple I method, the universal triple I method is investigated from the viewpoints of both fuzzy reasoning and fuzzy controller. The universal triple I principle is put forward, which improves the previous triple I principle. Then, unified form of universal triple I method is established based on the (0, 1) -implication or R-implication. Moreover, the REVERSIBILITY PROPERTY of universal triple I method is analyzed from expansion, reduction and other type operators, which demonstrate that its REVERSIBILITY PROPERTY seems ne, especially for the case employing the (0, 1) -implication. Lastly, we analyze the response ability of fuzzy controllers based on universal triple I method, then the practicability of triple I method is improved.